THE VOLCANOGENIC DEPOSITS OF NON-FERROUS METALS OF PALEOISLAND ARC ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATED WITH WALL ROCK ALTERATIONS OF HOST ROCKS AND PROBLEMS OF ORE GENESIS (on the example of ore districts in Georgia, Armenia and Turkey)

Authors

  • S. Kekelia Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology, 31, Politkovskaia Str., Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
  • M. Kekelia Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology, 31, Politkovskaia Str., Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
  • N. Popkhadze Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology, 31, Politkovskaia Str., Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia
  • N. Gagnidze Iv. Javakhishvili Tbilisi State University Al. Janelidze Institute of Geology, 31, Politkovskaia Str., Tbilisi, 0186, Georgia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17721/17282713.79.07

Keywords:

Caucasus, Volcanogenic deposits, structure, non-ferrous metals, metasomatic alterations

Abstract

The goal of our work is the study of ore wall rock zones of the volcanogenic deposits of non-ferrous metals of paleoisland arc environment (on the example of Madneuli ore deposit) and determination of the conditions of their formations using geochemical and geothermobarometrycal investigations. Methods: the mapping of the open pit of Madneuli deposit, determination of the content of trace elements by ICP-MS, in the US Geological Survey and Caucasian Institute of Mineral Resources chemical geothermobarometry investigations were held and the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in the ore was determined. The results:the structural features of ore deposits, character of ore wall rock zones were identified, mineral composition of metasomatic rocks was defined and the multistage formation of deposits was proved. Scientific novelty: at the end the conclusion (including some scientific ideas about the genesis of ore deposits) about genesis of volcanogenic deposits of Alpian paleoisland arc environment taking into account the studies of geothermobarometry investigations by the authors was given. Practical significance:described features of ore wall rock zones can be successfully used in other regions of the world in order to find new volcanogenic ore deposits.  

References

Akimtsev, V.A., Sharapov, V.N. (1993). "Ore" effusives of the rift valley of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Reports of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 331, 3, 329–331. [In Russian].

Arevadze, V.A. (1989). Physico-chemical conditions of formation of endogenous deposits of Transcaucasus. Abstract for the doctoral thesis. – Tbilisi : Metsniereba, 54 р. [In Russian].

Bortnikov, N.C., Vikehtiev, I.V. (2005). Modern Polymetallic sulphide mineralization in the World's ocean. Geology of Ore deposits, 47, 1, 16–50. [In Russian].

Fablina, I.F., Mozgova, N.N., Borodaev, U.S., Stelanova, T.V., Cherkashev, G.A., Ilin, M.I. (2000). Association of copper sulfide ores in the modern ocean ore zones in hydrothermal field. Logachev (Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 140651). Geology of Ore deposits, 42, 4, 329–349. [In Russian].

Ganeev, I.G. (1989). Transfer of substance by hydrothermal solutions. Notes of Mineralogical Society of SSSR, 1, 3–16. [In Russian].

Grinberg, G.A., Krasnov, S.G., Ainemer, A.I., Poroshina, I.M., Stepanova, T.B. (1990). Hydrothermal sulfide mineralization in the ocean. Soviet Geology, 12, 881–891. [In Russian].

Grichuk, D.V., Borisov, M.V., Melnikova, G.L. (1984). Termodynamic model of hydrothermal system in the oceanic crust: assessment of the evolution of the solution. Geology of Ore deposits, 4, 3–24. [In Russian].

Gugushvili, V.I., Kekelia, M.A., Mun, Ch., Natsvlishvili, M.P. (2002). The crust and mantle source of Cretaceous volcanism and sulfide mineralization in Bolnisi District. Trudi GIN AN of Georgia. New episode, 117, 412–419. [In Russian].

Elianova, E.A. (1989). Formation of composition and structure of the ore at the modern and ancient VMS system. Soviet geology, 12, 17–26. [In Russian].

Elianova, E.A. (1999). Formation in modern and ancient submarine VMS ore: composition and structure. Model volcano-sedimentary ore-forming system: abstracts to the International conference.Popov, V.E. (Ed.). Sant Peterburg, 26–27. [In Russian].

Elianova, E.A., Mirlin, E.G. (1990). Ocean ore-forming system. Soviet geology, 6, 47–55. [In Russian].

Zonenshain, A.P., Kovaliov, A.A. (1974).New global tectonic (pate pectonic). M.: Mir, 471 р. [In Russian].

Kekelia, S.A., Iaroshevixh, V.Z., Patman, I.P. (1974). Geological genetic model of Alpine nonferrous metals of the Mediterranean metallogenic belt. Geology and Geophysics, 8, 71–79. [In Russian].

Kekelia, C.A., Ambokadze, A.N., Ratman, I.P. (1984). Paleoisland olcanic deposits of nonferrous metals and methods of their prospecting. – Tbilisi : Mtsniereba, 96 р. [In Russian].

Krainov, C.P., Matveev, L.I., Solomin, G.A. (1988). Geochemical conditions of deposition of zink and lead from brines of sedimentary basins on sulfide barrier. Geochemistry, 1704–1719. [In Russian].

Krivtsov, A.I. (1989). Applied metallogeny. – M. : Nedra, 288 р. [In Russian].

Krivtsov, A.I., Nogdanov, U.V., Borodaevskaia, M.B., Genkin, A.D., Kurbanov, N.K., Likhachev, A.P., Migachev, I.F. (1987). Madneuli ore deposit – the type and depositional environment. – M. : Nedra, 197 р. [In Russian].

Matsukama, T., Khorikosi, E. (1973). Overview of Kuroko ore deposit in Japan. Tatsumi (Ed.) / Volcanism and ore formation. – M. : Mir, 129–151. [In Russian].

Monin, A.C., Zonenshaih, L.P. (Ed.). (1987). History of ocean of Tethys. Moskov, Institute of Oceanology, 155 р. [In Russian].

Ovchinnikov, L.N. (1988). The formation of ore deposits. – M. : Nedra, 255 р. [In Russian].

Prokoptsev, G.N. (1990). The formation of metalliferous fluids on the ocean floor. Proceedings of the SSR Academy of Sciences, Geological series, 4, 34–44. [In Russian].

Rona, P. (1986). Hydrothermal mineralization in the spreading areas of the ocean. (1986). – M. : Mir, 160р. [In Russian].

Siniakov, V.I. (1986). General ore genetic model of endogenous ore formations. Novosibirsk: Nauka, 243 р. [In Russian].

Tvalchrelidze, A.G. (1987). The hydrothermal conditions of formation of massive sulfide ores. – M. : Nedra, 188 р. [In Russian].

Franklin, Dj.M., Laidon, Dj.U., Cangster, D.F. (1984). Volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits. Genesis of ore deposits. Skinner, B.S. (Ed.). – M.: Mir, 2, 39–252. [In Russian].

Iaroshevich, B.Z. (1985). Genetic features of ore formations of the Caucasus according to the isotope studies. Abstract of Candidate thesis. – Tbilisi : Metsniereba, 52 р. [In Russian].

Akçay, M., Arar, M. (1999). Geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of the Çayeli massive sulfide ore deposit, Rize, NE Turkey. In: A. Stanley (ed), Mineral Deposits: Processes to processing. Balkema. – Rotterdam, 459–462.

Altun, Y. (1977). Geology of the Çayeli-Madenköy copper-zinc deposit and the problems related to mineralization. Ankara, Mineral Res. Expl. Bull., 89, 10–24.

Çakir, Ü. (1995) Geological characteristics of the Aşiköy-Toykondu (Küre-Kastamonu) massive sulfide deposits, Mineral. Res. Expl. Bull., 117, Ankara, 29–40.

De Ronde, C.E.J., Faure, K., Bray, C.J.,Chappell,D.A., Ian, C. Wright, I.C. (2003). Hydrothermal fluids associated with seafloor mineralization at two southern Kermadec arc volcanoes, offshore New Zeland. Mineralium Deposita, 38, 217–233.

Güner, M. (1980). Sulphide ores and geology of the Küre area Pontid in N Turkey. Mineral Research and Exploration Bulletin, 65–109.

Hannigton, M.D., Peter, J.M., Scott, S.D. (1986). Gold in sea-floor polymetallic sulfide deposits. Econ. Geol, 81, 1867–1883.

Heinrich, Ch.A. (2005). The physical evolution of low-salinity magmatic fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: a thermodynamic study. Mineralium Deposita, 39, 864–889.

Hodgson, C.L., Lyndon, S.M. (1977). The geological setting of the volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits and active hydrothermal systems: some implications for explorations. Canadian Mining Metallurgical Bull, 70, 95–106.

Mottl, M.J., Holland, H.D., Corr, R.F. (1979). Chemical exchange during hydrothermal alteration of basalts seawater. Experimental results for Fe, Mn and sulfur apecies. Geochim et acta, 43, 869–884.

Kekelia, S., Kekelia, M., Otkhmezuri, Z., Moon, Ch., Ozgür, N. (2004). Ore-forming systems in volcanogenic-sedimentary sequences by the example of non-ferrous metal deposits of the Caucasus and Eastern Pontides, Ankara (Turkey), Mineral. Res. Expl. Bull, 129, 1–16.

Lethch Graig, H.B. (1981). Mineralogy and textures of the Lakhanos and Kizilkaya massive sulphide deposits, Northeastern Turkey, and their similarity to Kuroko ores. Mineral deposita, 16, 241–257.

Sherlock, R.L., Barret, T.I., Lewis, P.D. (2003). Geological setting of the Rapu Rapu gold-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits, Albay Province, Philippines. Mineralium deposita, 38, 813–830.

Shepherd, T.J., Rankin, A.H., Alderton, D.H.M. (1985). A practical guide to fluid inclusion studies. Blaskie, Glasgow and London, 239 р.

Stackelberg, I., Van and the shipboard scientific party. (1985). Hydrothermal sulfide deposits in backarc spreading centers in the Southwest Pacific. BGC Circulair, 27, 3–14.

Ustaömer, T., Robertson, A.H.F. (1993). Late Paleozoic-Early Mesozoic marginal basins along the active southern continental margin of Eurasia: evidence from the Central Pontides (Turkey) and adjacent regions. GeologicalJournal, 120, 1–20.

Published

2025-01-16

How to Cite

Kekelia, S., Kekelia, M., Popkhadze, N., & Gagnidze, N. (2025). THE VOLCANOGENIC DEPOSITS OF NON-FERROUS METALS OF PALEOISLAND ARC ENVIRONMENT ASSOCIATED WITH WALL ROCK ALTERATIONS OF HOST ROCKS AND PROBLEMS OF ORE GENESIS (on the example of ore districts in Georgia, Armenia and Turkey). Visnyk of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geology, 4(79), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.17721/17282713.79.07