ПОЛЬОВІ МЕТОДИ АРХЕОЛОГІЧНОЇ ГЕОФІЗИКИ У СВІТІ ТА В УКРАЇНІ: ВИТОКИ, СТАНОВЛЕННЯ, СУЧАСНІСТЬ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2713.99.02Ключові слова:
геофізичні методи, археологічна пам'ятка, магнітометрія, методи опору, георадарний методАнотація
Відображено історію застосування геофізичних методів в археологічних дослідженнях вченими з Європи, США, колишнього СРСР та України. У 1950-х рр. дослідники швидко перейшли від перших вдалих спроб до виконання масових магнітних та електричних знімань, у 1980-х р. відбувся перехід до цифрової реєстрації під час польових спостережень, а також бурхливий розвиток засобів оброблення даних. Це, у свою чергу, зумовило впровадження до археологічної практики низки активних геофізичних методів, які потребують складних обчислень при обробленні сигналу та інверсії даних: георадарного методу, томографії електричного опору, індукційного методу тощо. На сучасному етапі гострої актуальності набувають питання інтерпретації даних усе більш детальних і масштабних геофізичних знімань у контексті розрізнення все більш слабких за контрастом фізичних властивостей і дрібних за розмірами неоднорідностей у ґрунтовому покриві. Підтвердження антропогенного і техногенного походження геофізичних аномалій шукають шляхом прямих вимірювань і моделювання фізичних показників ґрунтів та археологічної речовини. Також представлено здобутки вітчизняних геофізиків, які стали основою для великих сучасних археологічних проєктів і зробили археологічну геофізику фундаментальною складовою пам'яткоохоронних досліджень в Україні.
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